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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions like What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language interact and  [https://socialwebconsult.com/story3399572/you-ll-never-guess-this-pragmatic-genuine-s-benefits 프라그마틱 슬롯] communicate with each and with each other. It is often viewed as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics by their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax,  [https://my-social-box.com/story3384945/25-surprising-facts-about-pragmatic-casino 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 슬롯무료 ([https://hubwebsites.com/story19383808/16-must-follow-instagram-pages-for-pragmatic-authenticity-verification-related-businesses official website]) semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it deals with the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language, without necessarily referring back to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this research should be considered an independent discipline because it studies how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, like Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure,  [https://pragmatickr45666.blog-ezine.com/29899478/20-trailblazers-lead-the-way-in-free-pragmatic 프라그마틱 무료스핀] [[https://bookmarkahref.com/story18091640/pragmatic-genuine-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly Bookmarkahref.Com]] speaker beliefs and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a lot of research is conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic analysis of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each with one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and 프라그마틱 추천 - [https://images.google.be/url?q=https://blogfreely.net/horseharbor0/the-top-reasons-why-people-succeed-with-the-pragmatic-slots-experience-industry https://images.google.be/url?q=https://blogfreely.net/horseharbor0/the-top-Reasons-why-people-succeed-with-the-pragmatic-slots-experience-industry] - the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and  [https://images.google.com.pa/url?q=https://kofoed-ehlers-4.blogbright.net/5-qualities-people-are-looking-for-in-every-pragmatic-genuine 프라그마틱 무료체험] 슬롯버프; [https://bookmarkfeeds.stream/story.php?title=10-mobile-apps-that-are-the-best-for-pragmatic-free-slots try what she says], interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, [https://nerdgaming.science/wiki/Where_Do_You_Think_Pragmatic_Sugar_Rush_Be_One_Year_From_In_The_Near_Future 프라그마틱 홈페이지] their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on their publications only. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine which words are meant to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and more. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways in which our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled the debate. For instance, some researchers have argued that pragmatics is not a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and  [https://blogfreely.net/plierpizza0/whats-the-reason-pragmatic-slot-buff-is-everywhere-this-year 프라그마틱 정품] interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two views and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.

Latest revision as of 04:46, 21 November 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each with one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and 프라그마틱 추천 - https://images.google.be/url?q=https://blogfreely.net/horseharbor0/the-top-Reasons-why-people-succeed-with-the-pragmatic-slots-experience-industry - the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프; try what she says, interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, 프라그마틱 홈페이지 their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on their publications only. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine which words are meant to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and more. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways in which our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.

There are a few key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled the debate. For instance, some researchers have argued that pragmatics is not a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of a statement.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and 프라그마틱 정품 interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.

In recent times, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two views and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.